Effect of Adding Selenium Nano Particles on Improving Silver Diamine Fluoride- Antibacterial Efficiency, Cell Viability, and Derived Tooth Discoloration in Vitro

Abstract

Background: The discipline of dentistry consistently pursues novel materials that can optimise treatment results and augment patient comfort. Selenium nanoparticles exhibit potential due to their unique properties, including the ability to combat dangerous oral flora and their safety, as they are a consistently beneficial metal for the human body. All of these attributes affect cellular repair and regeneration. The integration of these nanoparticles into the advantageous Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) filling material may represent a viable strategy to reduce cariogenic activity and root canal infections as a novel modification of SDF material. The Study Aims: To improve SDF restoration material by integrating selenium nanoparticles into three distinct combinations; these nanoparticles are recognised for their capacity to mitigate inflammation and oxidation. The objectives are to examine the impact of Se Nanoparticles (NPs) on antibacterial efficacy and cytotoxicity, and subsequently assess the optical properties of SDF in isolation by comparing them with those of three additional additives, with the goal of determining whether the incorporation of these antioxidant metals could modify the dark imprint on dental lesions. Material and Methods:Four tested groups were prepared (mix one \ 3% Selenium Nanoparticles, mix two \ 4% Selenium Nanoparticles, mix three \ 5% Selenium Nanoparticles) and SDF alone as a control group. To measure the antibacterial activity against three different human pathogens — Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus — we used the Muller-Hinton agar diffusion method, measuring the inhibition zone diameter in millimetres. The collected data were statistically examined using a t-test. P <0.05 was picked as the significant threshold. In line with ISO-10993-5 rules, we also used the MTT test to see how active the fibroblast cells were after 24, 48, and 72 hours, related to cytotoxicity measurement. Finally, a spectrophotometer analysis was used to evaluate the absorption in wavelengths ranging from 190 to 780 nm. Results: All three formulations of SDF-Se nanoparticles (3%, 4%, and 5%) exhibited superior antibacterial efficacy compared to SDF alone, with optimal inhibition zones attained at a concentration of 5% Se nanoparticles. This indicates a promising antibacterial potential against gram-positive rods and cocci, making them suitable candidates for caries-arresting therapies in both coronal and radicular cavities. The cytotoxicity investigation indicates that SDF and its combinations demonstrate time-dependent impacts on cell viability. The spectrophotometric test simultaneously indicates that the gathered data were uncorrelated with the addition of Se nanoparticles. Conclusion: The integration of Selenium Nanoparticles markedly enhances the antibacterial efficacy of SDF dental restoration while maintaining acceptable cell viability. However, the addition of these nanoparticles does not ameliorate SDF discolouration through an antioxidant effect, contrary to the hypothesis that substituting or incorporating metals like selenium would diminish the dark hue of silver oxides as a chemical by-product.